Liquid Hand Soap Formulation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) Oil Using Surfactant Combination as Foaming Agent
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Unhygienic hands can cause microorganism infection. Citronella oil contains citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol, which have antibacterial activity. Liquid hand soap removes the dirt and microorganisms; however, it commonly uses sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as a foaming agent that may irritate the skin. Lauryl glucoside is a non-ionic, non-irritating surfactant. This study aimed to formulate and characterise liquid hand soaps from citronella oil using a combination of SLS and lauryl glucoside as surfactants.
Methods: The research was conducted using an experimental laboratory method. Three liquid hand soap formulas were developed from 15% citronella oil with different weight ratios of SLS and lauryl glucoside: F1 (1:2), F2 (1:1), and F3 (2:1). Then, all liquid hand soaps were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, and foam height. Then the foam stability test was conducted after the formed foam was left for 5 minutes.
Results: The results showed that all liquid hand soaps were homogeneously distributed, clear viscous liquids having a distinctive odour of citronella oil. The liquid hand soap preparations had a viscosity range of 549.7–565.8 cps, a pH in the range of 7.39–7.89, a foam height of 74–85 mm, and a stability foam of 63.52–68.91%. All formulas complied with SNI 2588:2017 criteria for liquid hand soap.
Conclusion: This study presented that citronella oil could be formulated into liquid hand soap using a combination of SLS and lauryl glucoside. The optimal formula was F1 with a 1:2 ratio of SLS and lauryl glucoside. F1 had the most stable foam due to the higher concentration of lauryl glucoside, which enhances foam stability.
Article Details
References
Álvarez-Martínez, F. J., Barrajón-Catalán, E., Herranz-López, M., & Micol, V. (2021). Antibacterial plant compounds, extracts and essential oils: An updated review on their effects and putative mechanisms of action. Phytomedicine, 90(xxxx). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153626
Alyahya, E. M., Alwabsi, K., Aljohani, A. E., Albalawi, R., El-Sherbiny, M., Ahmed, R., Mortagi, Y., & Qushawy, M. (2023). Preparation and Optimization of Itraconazole Transferosomes-Loaded HPMC Hydrogel for Enhancing Its Antifungal Activity: 2^3 Full Factorial Design. Polymers, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040995
Ardana, M., Aeyni, V., & Ibrahim, A. (2015). Formulasi dan optimasi basis gel hpmc (. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 3(2), 101–108.
Bondi, C. A. M., Marks, J. L., Wroblewski, L. B., Raatikainen, H. S., Lenox, S. R., & Gebhardt, K. E. (2015). Human and Environmental Toxicity of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS): Evidence for Safe Use in Household Cleaning Products. Environmental Health Insights, 9, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.4137/EHI.S31765
Bureiko, A., Trybala, A., Kovalchuk, N., & Starov, V. (2015). Current applications of foams formed from mixed surfactant-polymer solutions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 222, 670–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.10.001
Chasani, M., Widyaningsih, S., & Sony, I. (2022). Variasi Kadar Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Terhadap Karakteristik Sabun Antibakteri Berbahan Dasar Minyak Biji Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Dengan Bahan Aditif Ekstrak Temu Giring Curcuma Heyneana). Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(8), 2535–2549.
Chouhan, S., Sharma, K., & Guleria, S. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils—Present Status and Future Perspectives. Medicines, 4(3), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4030058
Draelos, Z. D. (2018). The science behind skin care: Cleansers. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12469
Eden, W. T., Alighiri, D., Cahyono, E., Supardi, K. I., & Wijayati, N. (2018). Fractionation of Java Citronella Oil and Citronellal Purification by Batch Vacuum Fractional Distillation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 349(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/349/1/012067
Klimaszewska, E., Wieczorek, D., Lewicki, S., Stelmasiak, M., Ogorzałek, M., Szymański, Ł., Tomasiuk, R., & Markuszewski, L. (2022). Effect of New Surfactants on Biological Properties of Liquid Soaps. Molecules, 27(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175425
Laksana, K. P., Oktavillariantika, A.A.I.A.S. Pratiwi, N. L. P. A., Wijayanti, N. P. A. ., & Yustiantara, P. . (2017). Oleum Menthae ,. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 6(1), 15–22.
Lestari, S. (2022). Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling ٥ م ل ع ي م ل ا م ن سن ل ۡ ِ ل ق ل ٱ ِ ب م ل ع ي ِ ل َّ ٱ ِ ٱ م ل ع ٤ م. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 4, 1349–1358.
Mahayuni, M. G. D., Putra, I. G. N. A. W. W., & Wintariani, N. P. (2023). FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe vera L.). Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v5i1.309
Mijaljica, D., Spada, F., & Harrison, I. P. (2022). Skin Cleansing without or with Compromise: Soaps and Syndets. Molecules, 27(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27062010
Munda, S., Dutta, S., Pandey, S. K., Sarma, N., & Lal, M. (2019). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the North East India: A Biodiversity Hot Spot. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 22(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2019.1601032
Muţ, A. M., Vlaia, L., Coneac, G., Olariu, I., Vlaia, V., Stănciulescu, C., Mitu, M. A., Szabadai, Z., & Lupuliasa, D. (2018). Chitosan/HPMC-based hydrogels containing essential oils for topical delivery of fluconazole: Preliminary studies. Farmacia, 66(2), 248–256.
Navare, B. (2019). A review on Surfactants: Role in skin irritation, SC damage, and effect of mild cleansing over damaged skin. International Journal of Advance Research, 5(3), 1077–1081. www.IJARIIT.com
Nunes, A., Marques, P., Marto, J., Ascenso, A., Gonçalves, L., Fitas, M., Pinto, P., Sotomayor, J., & Ribeiro, H. M. (2020). Sugar Surfactant-Based Shampoos. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 23(4), 809–819. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsde.12415
Pan, P., Svirskis, D., Waterhouse, G. I. N., & Wu, Z. (2023). Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Bioadhesive Hydrogels for Topical Application and Sustained Drug Release: The Effect of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Physicomechanical Properties of Hydrogel. Pharmaceutics, 15(9), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15092360
Rinaldi, R., Fauziah, F., & Mastura, R. (2021). FORMULASI DAN UJI DAYA HAMBAT SABUN CAIR EKSTRAK ETANOL SERAI WANGI (Cymbopogon nardus L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Staplylococcus aureus. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 3(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.33759/jrki.v3i1.115
Rohmani, S., Ningrum, S. K., Wardhani, W. D., & Kundarto, W. (2022). Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Surfaktan Iselux Ultra Mild pada Formulasi Hydrating Facial Wash Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 12(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v0i0.4969
Rundle, C. W., Presley, C. L., Militello, M., Barber, C., Powell, D. L., Jacob, S. E., Atwater, A. R., Watsky, K. L., Yu, J., & Dunnick, C. A. (2020). Hand hygiene during COVID-19: Recommendations from the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 83(6), 1730–1737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.057
Sari, R., & Ferdinan, A. (2017). Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Sabun Cair dari Ekstrak Kulit Daun Lidah Buaya Antibacterial Activity Assay of the Liquid Soap from the Extract of Aloe vera Leaf Peel Abstrak. Pharm Sci, 4(3), 111–120.
Shintawati, S., Rina, O., & Ermaya, D. (2020). Sifat Antimikroba dan Pengaruh Perlakuan Bahan Baku terhadap Rendemen Minyak Sereh Wangi (Antimicrobial Properties and Effects of Raw Material Treatments on Citronella Oil Yield). Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 8(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl38411-419
Sulaswatty, & Adilina. (2019). Serai Wangi dan Potensinya. In LIPI Press.
Takagi, Y., Shimizu, M., Morokuma, Y., Miyaki, M., Kiba, A., Matsuo, K., Isoda, K., & Mizutani, H. (2014). A new formula for a mild body cleanser: Sodium laureth sulphate supplemented with sodium laureth carboxylate and lauryl glucoside. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 36(4), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12127
Verma, R. S., Verma, S. K., Tandon, S., Padalia, R. C., & Darokar, M. P. (2020). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor) essential oil extracted by different methods. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 00(00), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1787885
Y.P.M, I. R., & Azizah, N. (2021). FORMULASI SPRAY GEL ANTI LUKA DARI EKSTRAK DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolin (Tenore) Steen). HERBAPHARMA : Journal of Herb Farmacological, 3(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.55093/herbapharma.v3i1.256